Class 10 Chemistry Notes

Chapter Organic Chemistry

Concept in Brief

Introduction:

Definition of Organic Chemistry:

Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocarbons, which are only composed of carbon and hydrogen, as well as their derivatives, which are composed of at least one electronegative element, such as an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom, or a halogen such as a fluorine, chlorine, iodine or a boron atom.

Watch -> What is organic chemistry?

Organic Compounds:

Background:

In the past, it was thought that organic chemicals could only be found in living things. For example, oil and ghee are made from both plants and animals because they are both living things, which is why they are said to as organic.
Wheat is also derived from plants, and we know that plants are living things. In this sense, wheat was referred to as organic.
However, as time went on, a German chemist named Fredrick Wohler synthesized urea (NH₂-CO-NH₂) in a lab using the inorganic molecule ammonium thiocyanate.
Following this, the idea that organic molecules can only come from living sources was disproved.
The notion that organic molecules can only originate from living sources was then refuted.
However, there are numerous substances that include carbon but are not organic, such as NaCN, CO₂, CO, and CS₂.
Therefore, the second hypothesis about the identification of organic substances was likewise disproved.
A new theory was formed once more, this time defining organic molecules as substances that contain carbon and hydrogen as well as any of their derivatives.
This notion of the identification and definition of organic compounds is still in use.

Definition of organic compounds:

Carbon and hydrogen containing compounds means hydrocarbons and their derivatives are called organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are referred to as organic chemicals since they contain carbon and hydrogen only or with C and H must have any other atom like; S, O, N and P etc. e.g. CH₄, C₂H₆, C₆H₁₂O₆, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ etc.

(Point to Recall): Derivative:

If we want to understand what the word “derivative” means, we must first understand that compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are classified as “hydrocarbons,” and those compounds can also be categorized as “organic” if at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an atom other than carbon, such as an atom from the group O, S, N, or Cl. They are then referred to as hydrocarbon derivatives. Or

Derivative of Hydrocarbon:

Definition:

The hydrocarbon which are composed of at least one electronegative element, such as an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom, or a halogen such as a fluorine, chlorine, iodine or a boron atom in place of hydrogen is called derivative of hydrocarbon.

Chemical Variety and Organic Compounds’ Size (Chemical diversity and magnitude of organic compounds):

In the periodic table, carbon is positioned in group four.
It follows that carbon has four electrons in its valence shell (as group number tells us number of valance electrons of an atom).
The octet of carbon is therefore incomplete, and as a result, carbon is unstable.
In greed of stability carbon will establish four covalent connections with other carbon atoms in order to complete its octet.
The fact that carbon, the building block of organic compounds, exhibits catenation property by creating four covalent connections with itself is the explanation for the vast variety of organic molecules.

Watch -> Chemical diversity and magnitude of organic compounds

Catenation:

Definition:

The name catenation can be defined as the carbon’s capacity for self-linkage e.g.

CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Because of this catenation feature, organic compounds are abundant and can be found in a wide variety of forms.
On the basis of its catenation property, no other element can rival carbon
While some other elements, such as Si, Se, and S (e.g., S₈), are also capable of forming chains, their capacity is constrained because they can only do so with short chains
As opposed to carbon atoms, which may form extraordinarily long chains
There might be thousands of carbon atoms, even in a single chain
Isomerism is second in importance to catenation in explaining the diversity of carbon compounds

Watch -> What is Catenation?

Structural Formula:

Definition:

The term “structural formula” refers to a formula that depicts the location of atoms within a molecule. For instance, in the example below,

Two organic molecules with the same chemical formula, C₂H₆O, are shown.
However, because the atoms are arranged differently in each structure, their structural formulas differ.
These two structures are known as isomers of one another, for example

ethanol and dimethyl ether is example of isomers — example of isomers

Watch -> Structural formula

Isomerism:

Definition:

The phenomenon of isomerism refers to organic compounds with the same molecular formula but a distinct structural formula as a result of a different atom arrangement inside molecules.

Example 1:

n-butane and iso-butane are types of butane isomers — Butane isomers

Explanation:

Keep an eye on the two chemical substances mentioned above
Their molecules share the same formula C₄H₁₀
Take note of how differently their structures are
The atoms’ varied arrangements explain why the structures differ
The isomer of normal butane is hence iso-butane

Example 2:

n-pentane,Iso-pentane and neo-pentane — Pentane isomers

Explanation:

The three compounds listed above each have a unique structure
Total the number of atoms in each molecule
Their chemical formula, which may be determined by counting atoms, is C₅H₁₂
Normal pentane’s chemical composition is C₅H₁₂
As was said in the first example, a molecule’s structure can vary depending on how its atoms are arranged
The isomers of normal pentane are the other two structures, such as iso-pentane and neo-pentane

Note: The quantity of carbon atoms in a molecule determines how many isomers there are. There are more isomers as the carbon chain lengthens.

Connection with Other Atoms:

Carbon not only forms connections(bonds) with other atoms but also with itself.
For instance, it may form double and triple bonds with its own atoms as well as with oxygen and nitrogen atoms e.g.

carbon bond with O, N and C

The creation of numerous bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms is the third major factor contributing to the diversity of organic molecules.
Approximately, there are over 20 million chemical compounds known, of which 95% are carbon molecules.

Organic Compound Qualities(General characteristics of organic compounds):

The following list of qualities(characteristics) for organic compounds:

Presence:

Both living and non-living things have the means to produce organic compounds

Covalent Bond:

Covalent bonds are the most frequent type of chemical connection made between organic substances (the bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons is called covalent bond)

Catenation:
Carbon, the cornerstone of organic molecules, has the ability to self-link
This potential for self-linking is regarded as the catenation property
Organic chemicals are widespread and come in lengthy chain forms because of this feature
Constituents:

Although carbon serves as the foundation for organic molecules, additional elements such as H, S, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, and P etc. are also present.

Melting and Boiling Points:
Covalent bonds hold organic components together.
We are aware that covalent bonds alone are insufficiently strong.
Therefore, most organic compounds are volatile and have low melting and boiling temperatures due to bond fragility.
Bond strength is strongly correlated with melting and boiling points.
The melting and boiling points will be higher the stronger the relationship.
Lower melting and boiling points correspond to weaker bonds.
Solubility:
The chemical components that make up the hydrocarbons are non-polar in nature.
The small difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen atoms is what causes the non-polar nature.
In contrast, hydrocarbon derivatives are both polar and organic in nature.
The difference in electronegativity between carbon and other atoms, such as O, N, S, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, is what causes their polarity.
Non-polar organic compounds are soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, ether, carbon disulphide, and carbon tetrachloride, according to the “like dissolves like” rule.
While polar solvents like methanol and ethanol are used to dissolve polar organic molecules.
Similarity in Behavior (Homology):
Organic substances behave remarkably identical to one another.
They can be conveniently studied in a series known as a homologous series due to their similar behavior.
Organic compounds are organized in this series in order of increasing one -CH₂-group size.
If a compound has two -CH₂– groups, the preceding compound will have three, the after four, and so on.
Rate of Reaction:

Organic substances are less stable and have sluggish reaction rates because they have covalent bonds which are not so much strong in nature.

Watch -> General characteristics of organic compounds

Condensed Structural Formula:

Definition:

Condensed formula is the name given to the formula that uses shorthand to express each group in a chain.

For instance, the first three homologous series members’ structural formula is;

structural formula of methane ethane and propane — Structural Formula examples

Now, they can be represented as follows in the condensed structural formula:

CH₄for Methane, CH₃CH₃ for Ethane, CH₃CH₂CH₃for Propane

While they can be modelled as; in a molecular formula.

CH₄ for Methane, C₂H₆ for Ethane, C₃H₈ for Propane

Table displaying homologous series’ condensed structural formulas:

Name	Molecular Formula	Condensed Formula
Methane	CH₄	CH₄
Ethane	C₂H₆	CH₃CH₃
Propane	C₃H₈	CH₃CH₂CH₃
Butane	C₄H₁₀	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃
Pentane	C₅H₁₂	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
Hexane	C₆H₁₄	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
Heptane	C₇H₁₆	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
Octane	C₈H₁₈	CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane	C₉H₂₀	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃
Decane	C₁₀H₂₂	CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

Condensed formula of first 10 members of alkanes

There are millions of organic compounds in existence, and new ones are constantly being found.
Therefore, in order to analyze such a great number of compounds, they are divided into two primary groups.
One group segregates organic compounds based on their structure, while a second group distinguishes organic compounds based on functional groups.

Watch -> Condensed Structural Formula

Classification of organic compounds:

On the Basis of Structure
On the Basis of Functional Group

1): On the basis of structure:

As the title implies, the organic compounds in this group differ from one another due to distinct orientations of carbon atoms in the molecules.
They are further divided into;
Open Chain /Acyclic Organic Compounds
Closed Chain / Cyclic Organic Compounds

a): Open Chain/ Acyclic Organic Compounds:

The carbon atoms in these compounds are grouped in open chain form by covalent bonds, as the title implies.
Additionally, the chain of carbon atoms connected by a covalent bond might be straight or branched, for example.

examples of open chain organic compounds — Acyclic organic compounds examples

b): Closed chain / Cyclic Compounds:

As the name suggests, these compounds’ carbon atoms are ordered in closed-chain form, and the carbons are connected together by covalent bond.
Or we could say that the carbon atoms in these compounds are structured in cycle form, through covalent bond for example.

cyclic organic compounds examples — Examples of cyclic or closed chain organic compounds

Another idea is that an organic compound is considered to be homo-cyclic if the ring exclusively contains carbon atoms.
As the term homo means “same,” it follows that all of the carbon atoms in the ring are identical to one another, which is why it is called a homo-cyclic compound.
While hetero means “different” and means that there are not all carbon atoms in the ring
While the non-carbon atom is also present in the ring
In this way carbon and non-carbon atoms are not the same but different for each other
That’s why called heterocyclic, if the ring contains one non-carbon atom e.g. N, O, S, Cl etc.

cyclopropane,cyclohexane ,cyclobutane and cyclopenatne are examples of homocyclic organic compounds — examples of homocyclic organic compounds

pyridine ,furan and thiophene are examples of heterocyclic organic compounds — Examples of heterocyclic organic compounds

The homo-cyclic organic compounds are further divided into two which are given below:

Alicyclic
Aromatic

a): Alicyclic organic compounds:

The carbon atoms in these straightforward homo-cyclic compounds are joined by covalent bonds to form rings, for example

cyclopropane.cyclobutane,cyclopentane and cyclohexane are examples of alicyclic organic compounds — examples of alicyclic organic compounds

b): Aromatic organic compounds:

These compounds have one more attribute that distinguishes them from simple homo-cyclic organic compounds
This special property is known as aromaticity and denotes the fact that they have alternate single and double bonds between carbon atoms.

benzene,naphthalene and anthracene are examples of aromatic compounds — examples of aromatic compounds

Watch -> Classification of organic compounds based on carbon skeleton

2): On the Basis of Functional group:

What is functional group?

A functional group is a single atom or a collection of atoms that describes a compound’s physical or chemical characteristics
Millions of chemical molecules can be studied sequentially thanks to functional groups
Due to this functional group, each family of organic compounds can be conveniently examined.

Watch -> Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups

On the basis of functional group organic compounds are classified as:

Hydrocarbons
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

1): Hydrocarbons:

Since only carbon and hydrogen atoms are found in organic substances, hydrocarbons are known as such.
They could have a ring structure or an open chain structure.

Alkanes:

Alkanes, also known as saturated hydrocarbons, are hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon atoms are connected by a single covalent bond, either in a straight chain structure or a ring shape.
There won’t be any double or triple covalent bonds in saturated hydrocarbons, only single covalent bonds.

Alkenes:

Alkenes, also known as “unsaturated hydrocarbons,” are hydrocarbons in which at least two carbon atoms are connected together by a double covalent bond.

Alkynes:

Alkynes, as well known as “unsaturated hydrocarbons” are hydrocarbons in which at least two carbon atoms are linked together by a triple covalent bond.

examples of alkane ,alkene and alkyne — Difference between alkane ,alkene and alkyne

2): Derivatives of Hydrocarbons:

We can infer that hydrocarbons of any open-chain or close chain hydrocarbons in which at least one hydrogen atom has been substituted with a heteroatom, such as N, O, S, or Cl are called derivatives of hydrocarbons.
Methane is the first alkane in the homologous series (CH₄).
A simple hydrocarbon is methane.
By substituting other atoms for its one hydrogen atom, such as OH, Cl, Br, NH₂, and CN, we can create its derivatives.
For example

CH₄, CH₃-OH, CH₃-Cl, CH₃-Br, CH₃-NH₂, CH₃-CN etc.

Derivatives of hydrocarbons are described in depth in the table below.

According to their functional groups, organic compounds are categorized in the following table:

Brief Detail of Functional Groups given in above Table:

Alkanes:

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that include a single covalent bond holding two or more carbon atoms together or with a hydrogen atom in an open chain or close chain.
There won’t be any double or triple covalent bonds in alkanes, only single covalent bonds
For example; CH₄, CH₃-CH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ etc.

Alkenes:

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have at least two carbon atoms bound by a double covalent bond, either in a straight chain or a close chain
For example;CH₂=CH₂, CH₃-CH=CH-CH₃etc.

Alkynes:

Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain three triple covalent bonds connecting at least two carbon atoms e.g.

common examples of alkynes

Alkyl Halide:

Alkyl halides are hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom replaced to one of the halogen atoms F, Cl, Br, or I.
Halo functional group is present in them (-X)
For example;
CH₃-Cl, CH₃-Br, CH₃-F, CH₃-I,
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-Cl, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-F,
CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Br etc.

For understanding consider methyl chloride (CH₃-Cl):

We are aware that carbon form four covalent connections (bonds) to attain stability.
This demonstrates how the carbon atom in chloromethane fulfils its valency by creating three covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one covalent bond with any halogen atom (replaced with hydrogen atom).

Alcohol:

Alcohols are hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with an OH group.
They have a hydroxyl functional group (-OH).
For example; CH₃-OH, CH₃-CH₂-OH, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH etc. are open chain alcohols.
Even though when –OH group is attached to benzene ring the it is called phenol e.g.

For understanding consider methanol (CH₃-OH):

We are aware that the carbon atom forms four covalent connections (bonds) to attain stability.
In the case of open chain alcohols, the carbon atom in methanol is fulfilling its valency by creating three covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one covalent bond with the OH group (replaced with hydrogen atom).
While in phenol carbon number 1 making three covalent bonds with two more carbon atoms (carbon number 2 and 6) and one covalent bond with an OH group (replaced with hydrogen atom).
Therefore, like methanol phenol also fulfils its valency.

Amines:

Amines are hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with an NH₂ group.
The amino functional group is present (-NH₂) in amines. .
For example CH₃-NH₂, CH₃-CH₂-NH₂, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH₂ etc. are open chain amines.
Even though aniline is an aromatic amine e.g.

For understanding consider methyl amine (CH₃-NH₂) and aniline:

We are aware that the carbon atom forms four covalent connections to attain stability.
In this example of an open chain amine, the carbon atom is fulfilling its valency by creating three covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one covalent bond with the NH₂ group (replaced with hydrogen atom).
In aromatic amine, such as aniline, carbon number 1 additionally fulfils its valency by creating three covalent bonds with two other carbon atoms (carbon number 2 and 6), one covalent bond with the NH₂ group (replaced with hydrogen atom).

Ethers:

Ethers are hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom substituted with an O-R group.
The oxygen functional group is present (-O-) in ethers
For example; CH₃-O-CH₃, CH₃-CH₂-O-CH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₃ etc.

For understanding consider dimethyl ether (CH₃-O-CH₃):

We are aware that the carbon atom forms four covalent connections to attain stability.
Here, we can observe that the left and right carbons in dimethyl ether are both satisfying the valency of the compound by creating three covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one covalent bond with an oxygen atom (replaced with hydrogen atom).

Ketones:

Ketones are derivatives of hydrocarbons that include a carbonyl functional group (-CO-), which replaces at least one hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon.
Two alkyl groups are affixed to the carbonyl carbon in ketone molecules.
For example; CH₃-CO-CH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CO-CH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-CH₃ etc.

Aldehydes:

Aldehydes are derivatives of hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom removed in favor of a carbonyl functional group (-COH).
Aldehydes are compounds made of carbonyl carbon and one or two hydrogen atoms attached to that carbonyl carbon atom
For example; H-CO-H, CH₃-CO-H, CH₃-CH₂-CO-H, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-H etc.

Carboxylic acids:

Carboxylic acids are derivatives of hydrocarbons that have a carboxyl functional group in place of at least one hydrogen atom, also known as the -COOH group
For example; CH₃-CO-OH, CH₃-CH₂-CO-OH, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-OH etc.

Acid Halides:

Acid halides are derivatives of hydrocarbons that have an acyl group (-CO-X) with at least one hydrogen atom substituted by a COX group
For example; CH₃-CO-Cl, CH₃-CH₂-CO-Br, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-Cl etc.

Acid Amides:

Acid amides are derivatives of hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a CO-NH₂ group.
The amide functional group (-CO-NH₂) is present in acid amides
For example; CH₃-CO-NH₂, CH₃-CH₂-CO-NH₂, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-NH₂ etc.

Esters:

Esters are derivatives of hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom replaced with a COOR group.
They have ester functional group (-COOR) in them
For example; CH₃-CO-OCH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CO-OCH₃, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CO-OCH₃ etc.

Alkyl Cyanide:

Alkyl cyanides are hydrocarbons that have at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a CN group.
They have “cyano” functional group (-CN) in them
For example; CH₃-CN, CH₃-CH₂-CN, CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CN etc.

Alkane and Alkyl Radicals:

Alkane:

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that include a single covalent bond holding two or more carbon atoms together or to a hydrogen atom in an open chain or close chain, as was previously explained.
There won’t be any double or triple covalent bonds in alkanes, only single covalent bonds. e.g.

Alkyl Radical:

When one hydrogen atom is removed from alkane then it results the formation of alkyl radical
For example; Methane produces methyl (radical) when one hydrogen atom removed from it
Ethane produces ethyl (radical) when one hydrogen atom removed from it
Propane produces propyl (radical) when one hydrogen atom removed from it, and so on.

For example:

Watch -> Alkanes and alkyl radicals

Method to convert alkane into alkyl radical:

Compose the alkane’s member condensed formula
Dehydrogenate the compound by removing one hydrogen
Change the ending -ane in the alkane to -yl to give the radical a name
By removing hydrogen atom from the terminal carbon atom. Normal alkyl (radical) will be produced e.g.

formation of alkyl radical n-propyl from propane — how iso-propyl is formed?

By removing a hydrogen atom from the second last carbon atom. Iso-alkyl (radical) will be produced e.g.

formation of iso-propyl from propane — iso-propyl formation

Naming Alkanes:

A naming scheme for each class of hydrocarbons and its derivatives was developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Here, we shall comprehend the guidelines needed to provide alkanes names.
The number of carbon atoms in an alkane chain determines the name of the compound.
The IUPAC name has two components.
Prefix
Suffix

Prefix:

It refers to how many carbon atoms there are in an alkane chain.
The prefixes are shown in the table below according to how many carbon atoms are in an alkane chain.

Prefix	Number of Carbon atoms
Meth-	1
Eth-	2
Prop-	3
But-	4
Pent-	5
Hex-	6
Hept-	7
Oct-	8
Non-	9
Dec-	10

prefix of first 10 carbon atoms

Suffix:

It identifies the hydrocarbon class. The prefix “ane” is used with alkanes.

Example 1:

Consequently, if a compound contains just one carbon atom. Then, how will we name this compound in accordance with IUPAC rules?

Solution:

Verify the prefix in the table above for one carbon atom
Prefix for one carbon atom is Meth-
Verify each bond in a compound
When the compounds only have one type of covalent bond (single covalent bond). Consequently, the chemical is an alkane
The alkane family’s suffix is “ane”
We’ll write the prefix first, then the suffix
Therefore, the IUPAC name of the compound will be Methane

Example 2:

If a substance contains four carbon atoms. Then, how will we name this compound in accordance with IUPAC rules?

CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Solution:

Verify the prefix in the table above for four carbon atom
Prefix for four carbon atom is But-
Verify each bond in a compound
When the compounds only have one type of covalent bond (single covalent bond). Consequently, the chemical is an alkane
The alkane family’s suffix is “ane”
We’ll write the prefix first, then the suffix
Therefore, the IUPAC name of the compound will be butane

Example 3:

If a substance contains five carbon atoms. Then, how will we name this compound in accordance with IUPAC rules?

CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Solution:

Verify the prefix in the table above for five carbon atom
Prefix for five carbon atom is pent-
Verify each bond in a compound
When the compounds only have one type of covalent bond (single covalent bond). Consequently, the chemical is an alkane
The alkane family’s suffix is “ane”
We’ll write the prefix first, then the suffix
Therefore, the IUPAC name of the compound will be pentane

Watch -> Naming alkanes

Organic Compounds’ Sources:

There are two primary sources of alkanes for commercial use.
One from Natural Sources
And the other from man-made ones (artificial sources).
Coal, natural gas, petroleum, and living things are examples of natural resources.
While researchers’ laboratory production of organic chemicals is the artificial source.

Coal:

The rich trove of organic chemicals is coal.
Another name for it is solid fuel.
Because it is solid and used as fuel.
Coal is dark in color

Destructive Distillation:

High temperature heating of coal produces coal gas, coal tar, and coke when oxygen is not present. And the term used for this procedure is coal destructive distillation.

Watch -> Destructive Distillation of Coal

Coal gas:

It’s not just one gas, but several.
However, it contains a combination of gases, including methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide.
Industrial uses of coal gas include fuel.

Coal Tar:

The wealth of organic molecules in coal tar is astounding.
However, it does include benzene and its derivatives.
Fractional distillation is a process that can be used to extract benzene and its compounds from coal tar.
The residue left behind after fractional distillation, which separates useful chemicals like benzene and its derivatives from coal tar, is also beneficial.
Pitch, the name of this residue, is used to make metal roadways and building roofs.
The manufacture of plastics, dyes, textiles, pharmaceuticals, paints, and varnishes, among other things, uses benzene and its derivatives, which are quite helpful.

Fractional Distillation:

Fractional distillation is the process of separating components of a solution based on the differences in their boiling points.

Watch -> Fractional distillation

Natural Gas:

Natural gas is not just one type of gas.
It is a concoction of gases.
Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are just a few of the low-boiling hydrocarbons that it contains.
Methane, however, makes up a much larger portion of the mixture than the other gases do.

Petroleum:

The Latin words petra, which means “rock,” and oleum, which means “oil,” combine to form the English word petroleum.
Thus, petroleum refers to rock oil as it is known to exist underground.
Dark brown in color, petroleum has a foul odour.
Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons.
However, it’s a blend of long chain hydrocarbons.
It contains aromatic hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, and alkanes.
Additionally, there are minor amounts of S, O, and N, Ni, Cu, and V in petroleum.

Living Organisms:

The primary source of organic molecules is living things.
Due to the fact that both medications and carbohydrates are derived from plants (living organisms).
Animals (living beings) provide us with organic components like proteins and lipids.

Artificial Source (men made):

Laboratory:

According to the records, mankind have created probably 10 million or more organic molecules in laboratories.
And the organic compounds that these men created are extremely beneficial and are sold as medicines for the treatment of fatal diseases like cancer, HIV, tuberculosis, and others.
Additionally, while producing dyes, plastics, paints, cosmetics, detergents, and fertilizers, along with other things.

Watch -> Sources of organic compounds

Uses of Organic Compounds:

As a Fuel:
Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are examples of organic fuels that can be burned to generate heat.
The gases that can be made from natural gas are propane and butane.
Additionally, these gases are employed in fuel cylinders as a liquid.
As a raw material for the synthesis of organic products:
Coal, natural gas, petroleum are used a raw material for the synthesis of organic compounds.
Ethylene is used as raw material for the synthesis of plastic (polyethylene), alcohol (ethanol), Carboxylic acid (acetic acid), and antifreeze (ethylene glycol).
For the production of soap, medicines, cosmetics, detergents, emulsions, and other organic products, numerous different organic compounds are employed as raw ingredients.
Synthesis of polymers:

Acetylene is utilized as a starting ingredient in the manufacture of polymers like nylon, rubber, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).